What is a key feature of a penalty clause?

A key feature of a penalty clause is that it allows the innocent party to recover an amount that exceeds their actual loss resulting from the breach. This is intended as a deterrent to the breaching party, compelling them to fulfill their contractual obligations. Courts generally view penalty clauses with skepticism and prefer clauses that reflect a genuine pre-estimate of loss rather than a punitive measure.

The rationale behind option A is that while a penalty clause may seem punitive, its purpose is to encourage compliance with the contract by imposing significant consequences for non-compliance. However, it's important to note that enforceability can be limited in many jurisdictions if the sums specified are deemed to be excessively punitive rather than a reasonable forecast of damages.

Other options don't align with the established understanding of penalty clauses. For example, a penalty clause does not restrict the innocent party from taking action; rather, it empowers them to seek recovery. It also does not protect the breaching party from penalties; on the contrary, it aims to impose consequences on them. Lastly, it does not invalidate future contracts; rather, it is a specific provision within a contract that addresses potential breaches of that contract’s terms.