When does risk transfer occur if carriage of goods is not included in the contract?

Risk transfer in the context of the sale of goods typically takes place when the buyer takes possession of the goods or when the goods are made available to the buyer. This principle aligns with the concept of ownership and control over the goods. Once the buyer has access to the goods, they assume the risk of loss or damage, regardless of whether payment has been made or the goods have been inspected.

In scenarios where the carriage of goods is not explicitly a part of the contract, the timing of risk transfer is crucial. If the goods are readily available for the buyer or if the buyer takes possession, the responsibility for any potential loss or damage shifts to them.

This understanding is rooted in the general provisions of most commercial laws which emphasize the moment a buyer can exercise control over their purchased goods.

The other options do not accurately capture the moment risk is transferred. For instance, the act of shipping does not confer risk transfer if the buyer has not yet taken possession or control. Similarly, making a payment or completing an inspection does not automatically signify that the risk has been transferred, as the critical factor remains the buyer's possession of the goods.